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SPE Eastern Regional Meeting,
12-14 October 2010,
Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Abstract
Sequestration of CO2 in depleted gas condensate reservoir has several
advantages including enhanced hydrocarbon liquid recovery. Depleted gas
condensate reservoirs have 13 times higher capacity than saline aquifers for
CO2 storage. The injection of CO2 vaporizes the liquid that has been trapped in
gas condensate reservoirs during the depletion process. This results in an
increase in the pore space for storage purposes as well as enhanced economics
due to additional liquid recovery. The improvements in liquid recovery will
depend on purity of CO2. A compositional reservoir simulator was utilized in
this study to investigate the impact of reservoir characteristics including
permeability, porosity, heterogeneity, pressure, and temperature on CO2
distribution and interaction with hydrocarbons in the gas/condensate
reservoirs. The results have utilized to study CO2 storage and improved liquid
recovery.
Introduction
The carbon dioxide, CO2, emission has been on a steady increase since the
industrial era. CO2 is the by-products of combusting fossil fuels. Fossil fuels
supply over 85 percent of the world's energy and will remain an important part
of energy supply into the 21st century. The large volume of carbon dioxide
emitted annually has lead to concerns over global warming and the ensuing
climatic changes. There is a need to balance the ever increasing demand for
fossil fuels with the growing concerns over global climate change linked to CO2
emissions. To stabilize and ultimately reduce concentrations of CO2, it has
been recommended that to isolate CO2 from the emissions stream, compressed, and
transported it to an injection site where it is stored underground permanently.
One option for geological sequestration CO2 is to store in depleted reservoirs
due to their capacity and relatively mature technology. Based on the
attractiveness of enhanced oil and gas recovery in depleted reservoirs,
geologic sequestration of CO2 is a viable option for storage of CO2 and for
additional revenue from hydrocarbon recovery.
Gas condensate reservoirs are characterized by retrograde liquid formation and
entrapment in the reservoir during the depletion process. Generally, the low
liquid saturation in the reservoir makes the liquid non-recoverable. To prevent
loss of retrograde liquid, gas cycling may be employed to displace rich gas
phase, strip the liquids followed by recompression for gas injection in the
reservoir to maintain the pressure above or near dew point pressure.
Alternatively, a depleted gas condensate reservoir after depletion can be
re-pressurized by gas injection to re-vaporize the retrograde liquid. Neither
of these approaches is usually economically feasible due to high cost of
natural gas and compression requirements. Therefore, most depleted
gas-condensate reservoirs contain retrograde liquid at the conclusion of the
primary production.
It is possible to use other gases such Nitrogen,N2 ,or CO2 to re-vaporize the
trapped retrograde liquid by re-pressurization or pressure maintenance. CO2 has
not been used for this purpose in the past due to transportation expenses and
the lack of availability. However, there have been a number of attempts to use
N2 for this purpose in gas condensate reservoirs. The purpose of this study is
to evaluate the impact of the carbon dioxide injection on liquid recovery in
gas condensate reservoirs. Various factors were also investigated including
petrophysical parameters, injection rate, and heterogeneity to better
understanding on how carbon dioxide interacts, affects and impact liquid
recovery and ultimately CO2 sequestration in gas condensate reservoirs.
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